Root Causes of the Holocaust and Wwii

WWII and the Holocaust were two key events of the 20th century. Each had their own causes and historical factors leading up to their development. While the two events occurred close to each other each developed independently and neither was cause for the other. Anti-Jewish prejudice has a long history and was present in Germany long before WWII. The German people elected the Nazi party and it was its rise to power that lead to WWII. The Nazi party had many other strange policies that, while not as extreme as the Jewish policies, were odd and extreme in different way.The roots of WWII are based on the Nazi party’s economic policies and not as a mask for genocide. Therefore WWII was not a cause of the Holocaust and it was not used as a mask for the Holocaust. Prejudice against Jews has existed from pre B. C. times through the Holocaust to the present day. There are countless examples throughout history of Jewish persecution. One of the earliest references to other nationalities persecuting Jews is told in the Bible’s Book of Exodus. The Exodus of the Israelites (Jews) from Egypt is the theme described in the above-mentioned book after the Egyptians treated them as slaves.In the First Crusade, 1096, communities on the Rhine and the Danube were utterly destroyed. In the Second Crusade, 1147, the Jews in France were subject to frequent massacres. The Jews were also subjected to attacks by the Shepherds’ Crusades of 1251 and 1320. The Crusades were followed by expulsions, including in, 1290, the banishing of all English Jews; in 1396, 100,000 Jews were expelled from France; and, in 1421 thousands were expelled from Austria. These examples show how throughout history Jews have been persecuted and discriminated against by various nations.Several European writers twisted Darwin’s Theory of Evolution to suggest there was a hierarchy of races with Jews at the bottom. â€Å"In addition, misuse of the theory of evolution was an important factor in the extreme forms of racism, especially that against blacks and Jews, that flourished at the turn of the century and for many years beyond. † This quotation helps support the idea that The Theory of Evolution has been used in only extreme cases of racism and the Nazi party used this theory to prove that Jews are inferior.Jews have been portrayed as moneylenders and manipulators of financial systems. In Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, the character Shylock is a Jew and seen as the villain of the story. To begin with the Merchant of Venice, for most of the history of the reception of the play, Shylock has been seen as fundamentally an unsympathetic character if not a villain. He is also often seen as a caricature of a grasping, vicious and resentful Jew. The debate is not about whether or not Shylock is bad, but really is about whether Shylock is bad because he is a bad Jew or bad because he is simply a Jew.This quotation, as said by Hussein Ibish, proves that even Shak espeare was racist towards Jews. This is another historical example that the Nazis used to suggest that the Jews were the cause of the poor German economy. The Nazi party tapped into shared German feelings of the above points to rise in popularity with the voters. The Nazi party utilized the German people’s prejudices and worries to get democratically elected. Due to the Treaty of Versailles that ended WWI, Germany was sentenced to make payments to the victors.This crushed the German economy and made the people unhappy and in search of someone who could bring them out of this mess. The Nazi party rose in popularity due to poor economic conditions and the people’s fear of the rise of the communist party given the mess that Russia was in due to communism. In December of 1928, Joseph Goebbels posted an essay to persuade the Germans not to buy goods from the Jews. The essay was called â€Å"Deutsche, kauft nur bei Juden! † When translated, it means â€Å"Germans: D on’t buy from the Jew! He believed the Jews produced bad quality goods and would cheat you out of a good price. Because the Jew sells cheap, but shoddy merchandise, whereas the German sets a proper price for good merchandise. Because the Jew cheats you, whereas the German treats you fairly and honestly. Because you can buy all sorts of trash from the Jew, but the German sells mostly only quality goods. The Nazi party promised a solution to the economic problem that was affecting all of Germany. In 1928 the Nazi party came in 2nd and by the 1932 election they won the majority of seats. The economy was still in crisis.In the election of July 1932, the Nazi Party won 37% of the Reichstag seats, thanks to a massive propaganda campaign. For the next six months, the most powerful German leaders were embroiled in a series of desperate political maneuverings. Ultimately, these major players severely underestimated Hitler's political abilities. It was the people of Germany that put Na zi party in power which caused them to takeover and become greedy with power. In January 1933 Hitler was appointed German Chancellor. In the March 1933 final election the parliament votes to give Chancellor total power putting an end to the Catholic party.Later that year, President Hindenburg died and Hitler blended the two roles of President and Chancellor under the title of Der Fuhrer. The people had so much faith in the Nazi party that they allowed them to take complete control by democratic elections. The people voted in the Nazi party which allowed them to enact numerous extreme policies. The Nazi party also had many other oppressive policies at this time besides the anti-Jewish ones. The party promoted removing women from the workforce to help male employment rates and offered money to women to have kids; more kids more money.The money came from taxing single men and childless families heavily. On November 14, 1935 a law was passed banning German marriage to gypsies, negroes a nd people of mixed race (this would include jews). NOVEMBER 14, 1935? NUREMBERG LAW EXTENDED TO OTHER GROUPS? The first supplemental decree of the Nuremberg Laws extends the prohibition on marriage or sexual relations between people who could produce â€Å"racially suspect† offspring. A week later, the minister of the interior interprets this to mean relations between â€Å"those of German or related blood† and Roma (Gypsies), blacks, or their offspring.This policy displays how the Nazi party was not just racist towards Jews, but they viewed themselves as the dominant race above all others. Women were expected to have at least 4 children and if they did they received a medal every year on the birthday of Hitler’s grandmother. The Nazi party also forced teachers to follow revised textbooks. School lessons were based on Nazi ideas. Math problems involved calculations about bombing targeted countries such as Poland and killing invalids. Schools were single sex and girls were educated much differently.They studied no foreign languages and the only subjects they were taught related to cooking and childcare. By changing the textbooks for children in school is made Germans look good in history; history has to show they are the superior race and make up for the fact that they lost WWI. The Nazi party also banned Mickey Mouse and Disney movies. The fate of Mickey Mouse under the Third Reich offers a bizarre insight into the impact of Nazi policies relating to the media and the control of ideas. †¦ Hitler ordered the Disney films featuring him and other cartoon characters to be banned.The Nazis accused Walt Disney himself of having Jewish ancestry and feared that his innocent-seeming cartoons threatened Germans with being ‘infected by undesirable cultural influences’. Even more striking is the interpretation that Mickey Mouse †¦ could be seen as positively symbolizing the Jewish ‘outsider† overcoming adversity and that, Hitler loathed the portrayal of the mouse as clean and harmless since his propaganda machine was focused on representing Jews as dirty vermin. Walt Disney was thought to be a Jew and mice are vermin, like Jews.This goes to show how twisted the minds of the Nazi party really were to ban an innocent cartoon character because of what it could be morphed to stand for. It wasn’t until 1941, well after the start of the war, that the Nazis decided to kill the Jews and began sending them to extermination camps in eastern European countries such as Poland. This was the Holocaust. This policy was created by Hitler’s senior officers in the party (Himmler, Heydrich and Eichmann) and Hitler allowed it. This policy was not made public and only after the war ended was the full extent of it discovered.The Nazi party also had extreme solutions for their economic issues. The attention of the Belgian, Czechoslovak, G reek, Jugoslav, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norwegian, Polish, Sovie t, United Kingdom and United States Governments and also of the French National Committee has been drawn to numerous reports from Europe that the German authorities, not content with denying to persons of Jewish race in all the territories over which their barbarous rule has been extended, the most elementary human rights, are now carrying into effect Hitler’s oft-repeated intention to exterminate the Jewish people in Europe.This was the most extreme of the policies, but it was just another policy, not the idea intended from the start. The above policies show that the Nazis could provide extreme solutions and this will be shown in their economic solutions as well. The true cause of WWII flows from the Nazi party solution to Germanys economic problems. The Nazi solution to shortages was to create a plan to acquire more land and raw materials. I today present the following as the new Four-Year Plan.In four years Germany must be wholly independent of foreign areas in those mater ials which can be produced in any way through German ability, through our chemical and machine industry, as well as through our mining industry. The re-building of this great German raw material industry will serve to give employment to the masse. This quotation was a proclamation from Hitler proving that the Nazis was not just simply to take over. They were mainly focused on acquiring more raw materials. Germany deployed the strategy by taking over Austria, parts of France and Czechoslovakia. He attached Austria to Germany in just few days, without the help of his army. In fact his generals were against an Austrian invasion. Italy was supposed to defend Austria; they had a pact. Italy did not respond; not against Hitler. † Britain and France continued to let Hitler expand more in hopes he would soon be satisfied, but their assumptions were wrong and he continued to expand. In an effort to avoid war, the leaders of several European countries met in Munich to discuss how to avo id war and establish a peaceful Europe.Hitler demanded parts of Czechoslovakia be absorbed into Germany, and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain agreed, giving Hitler a chunk of Czechoslovakia that was home to three million ethnic Germans. With these deal in place, Chamberlain believed he had satisfied the German war machine. Germany expanded into other countries while Britain and France foolishly allowed it. Germany invading Poland was finally too much for Britain and France to handle so on September 3, 1939 they declared war. At 4:45 a. . , some 1. 5 million German troops invade Poland all along its 1,750-mile border with German-controlled territory. †¦ Nazi leader Adolf Hitler claimed the massive invasion was a defensive action, but Britain and France were not convinced. On September 3, they declared war on Germany, initiating World War II. Germanys invasion per their economic policy pushed France and Britain too far and finally triggered the war. It was Germanys econ omic policy of expansions that triggered the war, nothing else.The above paragraphs of historical fact show that the war started before the Holocaust and its causes were independent of the causes of the Holocaust. We have seen how prejudice against Jews has built up over time and how the Nazi party took it to the extreme by starting a mass genocide in 1941 – the Holocaust. We have also seen that the Nazi solution to Germany’s economic problems relied on taking over countries to get resources and cheap labour, which eventually lead to the declaration of war in 1939. These were two independent paths.War was declared before the Holocaust and for reasons that had nothing to do with the Holocaust. The world didn’t even know in 1939 about the atrocity that was to come. This it is clear from historical fact that WWII was neither a cause of the Holocaust or a mask for it. ————————————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ [ 1 ]. Bible Gate Way, Exodus 1:8-14 http://www. biblegateway. com/passage/? search=Exodus+1&version=GNT [ 2 ]. Wikipedia, â€Å"History of the Jews and the Crusades. † http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_the_Crusades [ 3 ]. Dr.Jerry Bergman, â€Å"Darwinism, Evolution, and Racism. † Bible Believers, http://www. biblebelievers. net/creationscience/kjcevol1. htm [ 4 ]. Hussein Ibish, â€Å"Anti-Semitism in The Merchant of Venice and The Jew of Malta,† The Weblog of Hussein Ibish, http://ibishblog. com/blog/hibish/2009/12/05/anti_semitism_merchant_venice_and_jew_malta [ 5 ]. Joseph Goebbels, â€Å"Germans, Buy only from the Jews!. † Calvin College – Minds In The Making. (Munich: Zentralverlag der NSDAP. , 1935), pp. 331-333 http://www. calvin. edu/academic/cas/gpa/angrif10. htm [ 6 ]. The Florida

Importance of Greek Mythology Essay

â€Å"Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks, concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world and their own cult and ritual practices. Modern scholars referred to the myths and studied them in an attempt to shed light on the religious and political institutions of ancient Greece and, in general, on the ancient Greek civilization. † (citation) Mythical narration played a very large, and also important role in the lives of the ancient Greeks, they relied mainly on the mythical stories to guide them through crisis and gave them something to believe in; as many people follow God’s words and the Holy Bible in our current time. The epic poems â€Å"The Illiad† and â€Å"The Odyssey† are the oldest known literary sources from the mythology time that we know of. These poems include very many important life lessons such as spiritual growth, loyalty, and perseverance; but these are only a select few of the main themes in the epic poem, â€Å"The Odyssey. † Homer does an excellent job in relating this message through various characters, adventures, and obstacles throughout the book. In the epic poem, â€Å"The Odyssey,† Homer shows the importance of spiritual growth through many instances. Odysseus begins on Calypso’s island and he has been led to believe he owns everything, except for the most important thing, happiness. Odysseus’ becomes depressed because he realizes how much he misses his home land. Homer introduces Odysseus at a bad time to emphasize the growth of Odysseus’ spirit from beginning to the very end. If Homer would have written about Odysseus in high spirits from the beginning, then the growth would not have seemed as prevalent. Odysseus seems to brighten up quite a bit as he sees the light in sailing home. He is brutally tested Poseidon nearly kills him when on the coast of the first island that he reaches, Scheria. The Odyssey says, â€Å"and trapped within that backwash of the brine, Odysseus would have died before his time had not gray-eyed Athena counseled him. † This is only one instance of many that seems to shows the lesson of spiritual growth in â€Å"The Odyssey. † This epic poem also portrays loyalty in very many different ways from characters to situations. In The Odyssey, there remained three main characters that stood out and showed their trustworthiness to Odysseus while he was away fighting in the Trojan War and trying to make his way back to Ithaca. It seems that out of all the characters, the most loyal person to Odysseus could have been simply overlooked, but it most definitely would have been Odysseus’s wife, Penelope. She remained faithful to her husband even after almost twenty years apart from him. She refused to marry one of the suitors that hassled her day by day; so it came as a surprise to learn that Odysseus is most unfaithful to his wife. This part of the epic poem represented the human-like personality of Odysseus in showing that even he could make mistakes, and also wasn’t anything close to perfect. Telemachus, at one point, shows his loyalty to Odysseus by joining him on going on a voyage to learn more about his father, Odysseus. There are a lot of different meanings for each tale and in the Odyssey itself, and there are many more understandings than just one interpretation. From this perspective, one of the main themes of the Odyssey is perseverance. Perseverance is a very important theme and is one that is seen quite a lot throughout the entire epic poem and definitely by more than one character. First of all, there is Odysseus and he was greeted with perseverance in the very beginning of the story. He was held captive by Calypso on an island, when later visited by Athena, Odysseus develops an even stronger desire to go home. In spite of Calypso’s persistence, he then decided to leave. Odysseus also had an encounter with Circe, and was presented with very many different types of temptation. He took the sea once more with his son and wife in mind, and proceeded home. Odysseus and his men end up running into the lotus-eaters. The lotus plants provided an excellent, relaxing feeling for all of the crew, and no one wanted to leave except for Odysseus who stayed his course. Perseverance is also displayed in his way of thoughts, and also his desire to survive and at times conquer, are qualities that promote his perseverance. For example, when Odysseus finally returns home, he plans to kill all of the suitors that have been courting his wife and ends up doing so. Homer’s epic poems The Iliad and The Odyssey have let us get a bit of a taste of the importance Greek Mythology for the ancient Greeks. His writings have let us see how much they believed in the Greek mythology and how they applied the life lessons to their personal lives. I found many comparisons to the Gods and Goddesses of Greek Mythology to our God that many people believe in today. Their words and stories were as important to us as His stories are to us today. Homer’s epic poem, The odyssey included many obviously important life lessons that the ancient Greeks learned from and took from the stories in the way they lived their lives.

GMO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

GMO - Essay Example Unfortunately, majority of the people were against their existence in the country and made pleads to the government for them to be extremely regulated or better still completely banned. Consequently, it should be noted that as of now, Genetically Modified Organisms such as plants have both pro and cons that should be critically analyzed before they are let to be used in a particular countries or otherwise. Basically, Genetically Modified Organisms (plants) are denoted as crops that are generated for the sole purpose of making easier consumption by human beings and animals where the latest molecular techniques in biology are used. For instance, plants geneticists are responsible for the isolation of genes that are said to bring about drought tolerance and replace with those that are drought resistance (FAOUN 5) In this regard, the emergence and continuous existence of the Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) plants could only be deemed as proper and as such should be allowed across the world. Scientists have continually argued that, it is through the use of such plants that the world will experience the impact of technology and the increase in food availability. Of most importance is that since the inception of these plants, it is believed that the world’s population has increased with approximately six billion people and it is believed that trend will continue in the next few years. FAOUN (7) argues that Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) have been confirmed as been resistant to pest. For instance, it has been affirmed that losses emanating from insect pests have adversely impacted farming negatively through financial losses and lack of adequate food in developing countries. Similarly, these organisms have also been confirmed to have disease tolerance particularly in viruses, bacteria and fungi which are known to facilitate diseases in most crops leading to reduced yields. Another aspect that should encourage the continuous

Research Paper for The Passionate Shepherd to His Love Essay

Research Paper for The Passionate Shepherd to His Love - Essay Example Such poems have been the trend with the poet fraternity for seventeen centuries prior to Marlowe’s penning this poem. On a careful scrutiny of the submissions relating to love by the shepherd, it can be safely concluded that he is interested in a bout of physical pleasure with the nymph than to stand up for the cause of true love. In the first stanza, the shepherd extends a cordial and hearty invitation to his lady- love to accompany him by assuring, â€Å"and we will all the pleasures prove† (Marlowe, line 2.) The forthright mention of pleasure has an undercurrent of sexual tone. The question whether the call of love is gentle and direct without any hidden agenda will be examined in the latter part of this paper. He desires to introduce to his lady-love the magnificent topography of the rural area of England, dotted by â€Å"And valleys, groves, hills and fields, Woods or steepy mountains† (Marlowe, lines 3-4), which are capable of imparting pleasures of abundan t varieties to the lovers. He desires to bring to the notice of his lover that nature is generous and her capacity for benevolence is measureless. To eulogize nature for the bounties she offers throughout the year in one form or the other is the common theme of the pastoral poetry. It has the dignity of its own and is distinctly different from the ordinary rustic verse. â€Å"When Raleigh responded to the "soft" pastoralism of Marlowe's "Passionate Shepherd to His Love," he presented the data of "hard" pastoral-the mutability and discomfort that the real cycle of seasons offers in place of ver adsiduum: "The flowers doe fade, and wanton fieldes / To wayward winter reckoning yeeldes" (40). Each critic sees the new horizons in the pastoral poetry and thus the interpretations vary. Subsequently, the poet discusses about the location of the love-play and draws clear-cut distinction between the rural and urban ambience. The love-birds will not visit an auditorium or take part in a feast , but would love to be together on rocks, under the greenwood trees, or along the bank of rivers to exchange their merry notes. The shepherd is aware of the freedom that he enjoys in his profession, though it may appear insignificant from the point of view of a city-bred critic. The perquisites of the rural surroundings offered by nature are indeed great. Some of them according to the shepherd are, watching other shepherds feed their flocks, listening to the melody of waterfalls and the birds singing, expressing their joy and mirth. These are the enticements offered to his lady-love by the shepherd and such auditory and visual pleasures are the hallmark of rural life. One sees the shepherd in a distinctly different mode of love and he is quite vocal in his expressions to win over his lady-love, as revealed in the 3rd, 4th and 5th stanzas. The reference is mostly to the stylish apparel, and other embellishments the shepherd is going to provide to her. The tone and attitude of the she pherd is like that of a dress designer and the fashion consultant of the metropolis. His offerings are rich and the language is aristocratic. The nomenclature given by the shepherd to them is â€Å"delights†. The reader is in genuine doubt now, whether he is the shepherd at all, or the feudal landowner, controlling authority of several such shepherds. The listing of the intended offerings to his lady-love is stunning and demands

Coursework- law paper Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

- law paper - Coursework Example 3 The Italian judgment however is not automatically enforceable in English Court. Its registration is dependent on the English court being satisfied that particular conditions have been met. 4 The procedure for the registration of foreign judgments is that the judgment or certified copy, together with a translation into English of the original judgment if it is in a foreign language, is lodged with the High Court of Justice in England, together with an affidavit in support of the application for the judgment to be registered. 5 Accordingly, the litigant wishing to enforce the judgment must: 1. Issue new proceedings in England, for recognition of the foreign judgment in England; 2. Serve those proceedings upon the defendant either within the jurisdiction or outside the jurisdiction; 3. Rebut the availability of any defences said to be available to the Defendant, if any are raised. 4. Obtain Summary Judgment, on the basis of the foreign judgment. 5. Enforce the English judgment obtaine d by way of Summary Judgment against the assets of the Defendant either in the UK or in Europe. In the absence of either of these steps, a foreign judgment has no force or effect in England. There can be recognition without enforcement, but never enforcement without recognition. 6 The application is made without notice (ex-parte) by lodging papers with the Master's Secretary's Department. The conditions of the applicable Act must be complied with. 7 The Applicable Acts are as follows: 1).European Judgments - Judgments of foreign States signatories to the Judgments Regulation 2000 (which replaced the Brussels Convention on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters of 1968 for all EU countries save for Denmark) and the Lugano Convention which applies to EFTA countries; (2) Judgments of Commonwealth States and States with which the UK has a bilateral Treaty; and (3) Judgments from courts of foreign States with which there is no treaty. 8 There are th ree statutory schemes providing for the enforcement of foreign judgments in England and Wales. They are: 1. The Administration of Justice Act 1920; 2. The Foreign Judgments (Reciprocal Enforcement) Act 1933; and 3. The Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982 (incorporating into English Law, as appropriate, the provisions of the Brussels & Lugano Conventions and Council Regulation (EC) No. 44/2001 ("the Jurisdiction and Judgments Regulation†). 9 The above statutory schemes and enforcement at common law are not mutually exclusive. 10 The Brussels Convention on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, ("the Brussels Convention") was agreed on 27 September 1968 by the (then) six Member States of the European Economic Community. It sought to avoid parallel legal proceedings within the Community, to simplify the recognition and enforcement of judgments and to strengthen the legal protection afforded to citizens of the Member States. It include d detailed rules dealing with the circumstances under which the courts in the Member States might exercise jurisdiction and rules addressing specific civil and commercial legal areas including contract, tort and maintenance. It was amended

Instructional Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Instructional Technology - Essay Example The students will understand the context of the ordering process and will know how to fill in the foods they want with visual aids on the menu or with the aid of a visual dictionary. Some study and the memorization of the conversation patterns in the context of the restaurant will be done during the lesson, but the students can use their notes. They will be able to employ two means of ordering: by using the standard name of the food as found in their resources or remembered or by simply describing the food to the server. Using the menu, they will order the main course, soup or salad accompaniment, a beverage and dessert. 1. The students will be able to verbally order soup or salad from the restaurant menu in English in an interactive simulation. The students will be able to specify salad dressing and crackers. Pictures of the choices with accompanying identifying words will be available, just as if they were reading a menu. 2. The students will be able to verbally order the main course from the restaurant menu in English in an interactive simulation. The students will be able to specify how it is to be cooked. Pictures of the choices with accompanying identifying words will be available, just as if they were reading a menu. 3. 2. The students will be able to verbally order the main course from the restaurant menu in English in an interactive simulation. The students will be able to specify how it is to be cooked. Pictures of the choices with accompanying identifying words will be available, just as if they were reading a menu. 3. The students will be able to verbally order a beverage from the restaur

Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Consumer Behaviour - Essay Example There has been drastic increase in the online shopping all over the world due to several reasons. Owing to the increasing online buying and shopping trends it has become important to analyse and evaluate consumer behaviour of the online shoppers along with the buying and purchase decision process of these online buyers. This in turn will allow the marketers to come up with effective and efficient strategies to attract this particular subculture. The aim of this study would be to analyse the consumer buying behaviour of the online shoppers and the factors that lead to such behaviour. In order to evaluate the buying behaviour of the online shoppers, consumer choice would be evaluated in particular. This will help in identifying the influence of consumer choice on the buying behaviour of online shoppers and buyers. In addition, the buying behaviour of the consumers in the online shopping industry will also be assessed along with the factors that lead to such modern shopping means. SUBCU LTURES OF CONSUMPTION AND CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR Different researchers have defined consumer behaviour as the activities performed by individuals or groups that eventually lead to decisions or actions (Pachauri, 2002). The decisions that are made by individuals or groups include purchase, use and disposal of goods and services (Desmond, 2003). On the other hand, the concept of consumer behaviour is defined as the particular way in which an individual acts when consuming or disposing products (O’Dougherty, Haynes, Davies & O’Connor, 2007). Solomon (1995) describes consumer buying behaviour as a process aimed to satisfy the needs and wants of the consumer due to which the consumer makes certain decisions associated with the selection, purchase, use and disposal of products, services and experience. The concept of consumer behaviour is quite vast as each individual in the society and community has a unique behaviour according to which the person acts. The aim behind su ch actions and decisions made by the individuals or groups is to satisfy the needs and wants which could be done with the selection, purchase and disposal of the products and services (Schiffman, Kanuk, and Hansen, 2011). With advancement in technology, consumers are constantly changing their buying behaviour. This can be observed when the consumer shifted from the traditional buying methods to more modern online buying (Solomon, Bamossy, Askegaard, and Hogg, 2010). In order to identify the consumer buying behaviour, stimulus-behaviour model and buying process model are frequently used (Evans, Jamal, and Foxall, 2009). The stimulus-behaviour model proposed that internal and external stimuli play an essential role in influencing buyer’s behaviour. Marketing mix (i.e. product, price, place and promotion) and external model (i.e. economic, technological, political and cultural stimuli) can influence the consumer’s buying decision in terms of product, brand, time and amoun t. On the other hand, the buying process model includes 5 core steps taken by the individual to satisfy the needs and wants (Blackwell, Miniard, and Engel, 2006). The steps include recognition of need, information search, and alternative available in the market, purchasing and post-purchase decisions (Hawkins & Mothersbaugh, 2009). The steps involved in the consumer purchase or buying process are given in the image below: (Neal, Quester, & Hawkins, 2004) These theories of consumer buying b

Reading notes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Reading notes - Essay Example The two examples are a clear indication of how sports can alter a man’s attitude. More so, sport affects significantly on their fantasy’s life. It is when they describe and imagine how they will do it in the real sense. A family has a significant role in defining American woman’s dreams and expectations. Men determine what women do in life (McBride & Parry, 2014). Taking the case of Willy and his Wife Linda, Linda must ensure that his husband’s cup is filled with coffee whenever he needs it. For this reason, instead of sitting down and enjoying her coffee, Linda must keep on checking whether Willy has coffee in his cup. In another context, Willy orders The Woman to leave immediately to the hall. Despite pleading that she is naked, Willy asks her to respect his order and leave without questioning. According to this play, men and women are treated differently. It is because; the society has defined certain roles for women and others for men (McBride & Parry, 2014). Therefore, women are to be submissive to men at all

The Concept Professionalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Concept Professionalism - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that  professionalism is earned, rather than being called. A real "Professional" is a brand, which is tagged with respects that one gains. Professionalism has many benefits as it can increase the productivity and maintain the organizational culture of an organization. A business concern with professional   employees can increase the product or service value with less effort .If an employee is unprofessional he can bring chaos, unproductivity and conflict in an organization. An unprofessional employee has the ability to  Ã‚   damage the reputation of him and that of an organization.This essay declares that professionalism is an important criteria as it forms the basic foundation of any organisation. Professionalism is utmost important as it builds the career of a person and the social infrastructure of a firm. The more professional are the employee more benefit it can reap the employee and the organization.  Professionalism is a concept which relate to the competency or skill expected from an employee in relation to a profession .Professionalism is the attitude of a worker towards his work. Professionalism means the knowledge, understanding, attitude, obligation and responsibility one has towards his work.  The word ‘profession’ is, today, almost synonymous with occupation: the term professional is now applied to a wide range of such individuals as footballers and cricketers.

Maritime Law in Relation to Time Charter Hire Essay

Maritime Law in Relation to Time Charter Hire - Essay Example This is followed by definition of maritime law and providing a brief explanation to help understand the concept at hand. After looking at maritime law, the context then analyzes the two statements, identifying the best statement that suites maritime law as far as Time Charter Hire is concerned. The statements are: â€Å"I have come to the conclusion that hire must be treated in the same way as freight, and that to do so is not an extension of the established exception. It is only in comparatively modern times that the word ‘hire’ has been used. It was formerly known as ‘time freight’ or ‘time-chartered freight’. Indeed, in marine insurance terminology, ‘freight’ still includes ‘hire’.†Ã‚  (The Satya Kamal [1975] 2 Lloyd's Rep 188, per Donaldson J.) â€Å"‘Freight' is payable for carrying a quantity of cargo from one place to another. 'Hire' is payable for the right to use a vessel for a specified period of time, irrespective of whether the charterer chooses to use it for carrying cargo or lays it up, out of use. Every time charter contains clauses which are quite inappropriate to a voyage charter, such as the off-hire clause and the withdrawal clause. So different are the two concepts that I do not think the law as to 'freight' can be applied indiscriminately to 'hire.' (Lord Denning MR in The Nanfri [1978] QB 927.) Relationship between Maritime Law and Time Charter Hire Maritime law is a body of laws, treaties and conventions that presides over international confidential business or other matters engrossing ships, shipping or offenses taking place on open water2. Laws between countries controlling things like national versus international waters are regarded as public international law and are well identified as the Law of the Seas. Through these waters is where the business of time charter hire occurs where an individual can hire a vessel and use to transport cargos from one specif ic port to another. Maritime law, which is also termed as admiralty law, is one of the most developed and oldest types of law. It covers all the laws that rules over contract, tort, ships, marine business, shipping, and employee recompense assertions that take place on the navigable waters of the world. The law is helpful in determining the amount of freight to be issued to the vessel owner when used by a voyage charterer. Subjects of maritime law can encompass towage, salvage, maritime liens, marinas, maritime contracts, and maritime damages. This means that both voyage charter and time charter are covered by these law thus, enhancing contracts made between charterers and owners. Despite the fact that the subjects under the umbrella of maritime laws are many, there are numerous of them that are pretty interesting. For instance, there are rules that preside over what takes place when an individual finds property that had lost. Under international rules, if possession is lost on the water and found by another individual, the finder can assert a salvage present for recovered possession. As a result, if a ship is destructed and loses cargo during an awful ocean storm, the retriever can ask the shipping company to disburse them money for any of the cargo they recover. Note that this takes place after the vessel owner and the charterer have settled the issue of freight or hire. Therefore, if the vessel gets involved in lose of possession, the owner is not involved at all. The case now remains between the charterer and the retriever. In most cases, the salvage

Drug Addiction and Time Essay Example for Free

Drug Addiction and Time Essay I believe that I am an addict, I made a lot of bad decisions in my life. But the worst was my decision to start using drugs. From the day that I started using to now I have loved it. And at times I would do just about anything to get it, I have done just about everything except sell my body. I stole from the people I love to get what I needed. Using drugs went from only on the weekends, to a couple times a week, to everyday. The worst part is, is I didn’t see that it was consuming so much of my life. There came a point where just smoking weed wasn’t enough anymore, and that’s when i should have walked away. I was 16 when I did heroin the first time. But it wasn’t until a year later when I started shooting up. My best friend and I did everything together and this was no different. We were hooked, she more than I, our lives revolved around getting high. I remember the days we couldn’t get it, she would shake and cry because her body ached for it so bad. I hated seeing her sick, all I could do nothing to help her. It was the worst thing that I have ever seen. When I could I would get her what she needed. We spent our summer days inside. Most of the time we were so high that we couldn’t move, but to us that was the best part of the day. At that moment we could finally just close our eyes and breathe. Looking back now the worst part for me is that I helped my best friend kill herself. I provided her with the drug that was sucking her dry. At that point in time I thought I was helping her. We have always depended on each other but this time we depended on something else. We both are not using heroin anymore, and have come out on the other side of that addiction. We both know that if it were placed in front of us we could not say no. Addiction has taken a lot from me. I have lost the trust of my Parents and my freedom I ounce had. My best friend and I can not hangout outside of school, were just not good for each other to be around. But most of all I lost respect for myself.

Learning Activity Essay Example for Free

Learning Activity Essay Today by contemplating the corporate world we can realize that change is so very necessary for firms if they want to prosper. The market is changing so rapidly and technological advancement has created such hype that firms need to evolve from time to time. Researchers say that nowadays firms do not need to bring changes to get an edge over rival firms, but to survive. This itself defines the importance of change. However, just planning change is not important; smart execution is even more important. It includes the way management communicates the change, the way it handles employees’ reaction, the way it manages resistance to change, the way it deals with the after effects of it, and etcetera. These are very important issues that senior management focuses on. The following paragraphs will deal with two of these core issues, namely communicating change and managing change (Ian, Richard and Gib, 2009). Being the resort manager of Baderman Island, I will be very careful in rolling out this information to my employees as communicating the fact that they will be fired if customers continuously complain is a very sensitive issue. Firstly, I will try to explain them the problem, i.e., dissatisfaction of customers and then will discuss the reasons associated with it as put forward by customers. After this will ask for suggestions from them as I want them to feel that they are valued, which is sometimes known as underscore and explore strategy. Then company’s new policy will be disclosed smartly and the desired outcomes will also be floored. When communicating sensitive information like this, firms should give reasons behind the changes made and policies designed as employees have a right to know all about it. It should also be explained that how it will affect the organization and how important it is. If these things are taken care of then there is very less chance of resistance and negative reaction. Moreover, managing resistance to change is again a very important issue. If any resistance occurs concerning the changes in policies brought by Baderman Island’s management I will take care of it very carefully. Again I will use a democratic approach by getting involved in a dialogue with employees who resist. I will try to explain them what they mean to the firm and why has the firm decided to introduce this policy of firing employees due to bad performance. In addition to this, I will also explain the outcome of this policy and the positive effects it will have on the reputation of this firm. Sensible and potential employees will understand and for those who do not, I will use my authority to deal with them the harsh way. Furthermore, I will also help and facilitate employees who are worried about their job security by explaining them ways to satisfy customers and to improve their over all performance. In this way I will manage any resistance to the change. Reference: Palmer, Dunford and Akin (2009). Managing Organizational Change, McGraw Hill Publishers.

Introduction On What Procrastination Is English Language Essay

Introduction On What Procrastination Is English Language Essay Procrastination is behaviour of delaying doing a task that can be done earlier but chooses to do it last minute. This behaviour problem exists in almost every aspect in our daily lives, be it in academic, financial or even in health management. Ryan, M. (2007) stated that the habit of procrastination can reach such chronic levels that it can have negative effects on their life. Moreover, take financial management as an example. Spendthrift habit or inability to manage finances properly can pose a problem. Common problems done by procrastinators are delaying payments, such as for house rental, cars and so forth. If the procrastinator does not solve this problem earlier, it might leads to bigger problems, for example, the doer may jump into an easiest solution which is to loan from unauthorized money lender. In terms of health issue, some individuals who are sick tend to overlook their heath condition and take action for it in last minute, which then might be too late for them as their health worsened. This particular case is one of procrastination behaviour problems. Apart from that, as we know academic procrastination problem is prevalence for undergraduate students. Some students who are less motivated tend to procrastinate academic tasks to the very last minute. For example they procrastinate doing class assignment, group project, studying for exam, writing academic paper or thesis. Sometimes, this type of students may finish the tasks just so they do not fail in the subject. Fear of failure, low self-efficacy and low self-competence are some of the reasons of procrastination stated by (Schraw et al., 2007; Senecal et al., 1995) extracted from (Williams, G. J., Stark, K. S., Foster, E. E. 2008). 1.1 Background of Study Though procrastination phenomenon has big impacts on our lives, little research has been done on it. Milgram (1992) has done the first historical analysis on the subject matter and argued that procrastination rises from advance societies who require various commitments and deadlines. Ferrari et al. (1995) in their book stated that this particular behaviour has already existed long ago, but it is only been related to negative connotations in line with the introduction of the industrial revolution. In the beginning, procrastination was never related to any negative interpretation as it is viewed neutrally by the society. However, from the earlier researches done, procrastination can be then interpreted as one of behaviour problem. In addition, the word procrastination comes from the Latin pro, meaning forward, forth, or in favor of, and crastinus, meaning of tomorrow (http://tinyurl.com/procrastinus). There are various dictionary definitions of procrastination. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Fourth Edition) defines procrastination as to put off doing something, especially out of habitual carelessness or laziness; to postpone or delay needlessly, to postpone doing something, especially as a regular practice (Encarta World Dictionary) and to keep delaying something that must be done, often because it is unpleasant or boring (Cambridge International Dictionary of English). Nowadays, many researchers have been conducted on procrastination. Most of the literature involves university students. A procrastinator is a person who is aware that he or she has a task or an assignment to do. He or she is trying and planning to start working on the task, but continues to delay doing so. A person who has this habit is normally doing less important or not important tasks rather than the more important task. A procrastinator wastes too much time on something which gives him or her pleasure such as playing computer games or reading an update in his or her social networking website. Mostly, procrastinators keep themselves ready to work but end up avoiding the task (Noran, 2000). According to the Solomon and Rothblum (1984) demonstrated that 49% of students procrastinate in academic tasks such as writing term papers, studying for an exam and keeping up with weekly reading assignments. The habit of delaying tasks result in bad consequences, of which Tulik (2008) describes a few consequences. Firstly is fatigue in which a procrastinator keeps postponing his or her tasks and thus become mentally fatigue when the sense of accomplishment is not achieved. Fatigue lowers self-confidence and it can lead to other illnesses such as depression and sleeplessness. Secondly people who procrastinate cannot show their true potential in their studies or work. According to Tulik (2008), procrastination is linked to all kinds of negative effects; thus people who have potential and talent but procrastinate cannot show their talent or potential because they think it is just hopeless and useless to try out anything. The last consequence stated by Tulik, is that the habit of procra stinating makes an easy task very difficult, as a result of postponing the task to a point where in the end the task increases proportion and becomes very difficult to handle. Beswick, Rothblum and Mann (1998) state that the consequences of habitual procrastination are likely to be anxiety, despair and depression as the person fails to complete tasks or perform them unsatisfactorily. Procrastination also puts a procrastinator in a situation of conflict and indecision. Beswick, Rothblum and Mann suggested that procrastination also results in poor work because it was done rushed or partly uncompleted. Due to procrastination, a procrastinator wastes his or her time (by postponing his or her task), thinking that the task can be accomplished later, but lastly ends up with nothing started and missing the deadlines (Hobbs, 2008). Based on all the consequences above, it can be concluded that the habit of delaying or avoiding a task results in lower productivity, wasting time, depression, an xiety, fatigue, lower self-confidence, lower morale, and lower motivation. In Malaysia, the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia has defined several objectives for its universities and students. Some of the objectives are to produce competent graduates to fulfill national and international manpower needs with 75% of the graduates employed in their relevant fields within six months of their graduation, and to ensure that at least three of the countrys universities are continuously listed as among the best 100 universities in the world and one of the said universities is listed as among the worlds top fifty universities. Achieving these objectives, depend on the students and the university as well, and a possible major obstacle towards this is procrastination among the students. 1.2 Problem Statement At the Faculty of Education UiTM, there are plenty of academic tasks which required constant attention such as studying for exams, academic assignments, class projects, final academic project, and meeting lecturer. Thus, procrastination behaviour might be a major impediment for the students to complete the assigned tasks. Some of the possible reasons underlying this problem are that the students are too occupied with the involvement in outdoor activities, such as sports, camping and school related activity. Based on previous research, researchers have conveyed that the habit of delaying a task results in bad consequences and disadvantages. Besides that, procrastination occurs in every way in our life. Procrastination cuts down productivity, wastes time, results in low quality work, and also interrupts the emotional side of a person (Tulik, 2008). Apart from that, Klassen, Krawchuk and Rajani, 2008, state In an academic setting, poor performance, missing deadlines, low test grade and low CGPA are always related to disadvantages procrastination behaviour among people who does not manage well. There are various reasons which drive a student to procrastinate. The reason perhaps comes from the student himself or herself, influenced by other students or his/her surrounding environment around them (Noran, 2000). People including friends, close relationship, family and others can effected person to procrastinate behaviour. Furthermore, this study will investigate and defined academic task which students frequently procrastinate, areas of procrastinate and possible reasons for the habit of procrastinating among students. This research was conducted to find the possible reason that effect of the procrastination on the academic tasks among Physical and Health education students at UiTM, Campus Section 17, Shah Alam. 1.3 Significance of Study This research was carried out to identify an academic task that has the highest frequency of procrastination among the students, to investigate the frequency of procrastination on academic tasks and to identify the possible reasons of procrastination behaviour among students. The results from this research will benefit the students in which they can understand their procrastination problems and will then find solution for it whether on study skills or behavioural self-control. The benefit to the counsellors is that they can plan better solutions for procrastinators when they know how to distinguish the degree to which the procrastinators is anxious/or depressed. As for the lecturers, this research may help them to know that some procrastinators do find meeting them for educational purposes is not easy, so the result from this research may give the lectures an overview to approach the matter. 1.4 Research Objectives 1.4.1 To identify the frequency of procrastination on academic tasks among undergraduate Physical and Health students. 1.4.2 To identify an academic task that has the highest frequency of procrastination among the students. 1.4.3 To identify the possible reasons for procrastination behaviour. 1.5 Research Questions The purpose of this study will be achieved by investigating the following research questions: 1.5.1 What is the frequency of procrastination on academic tasks among undergraduate Physical and Health students? 1.5.2 What types of academic task are most preferable by students to procrastinate? 1.5.3 What are the reasons for procrastination behaviour? 1.6 Limitation of Study The limitation of this research is it only focuses on Physical and Health education students which are study only done to 60 students at Faculty of Education, UiTM, Campus Section 17, Shah Alam. Thus, the result on procrastination behaviour cannot be generalized to all other populations. However, this research cannot be used to define the pattern of academic procrastination among undergraduate students for the limited number of respondents. Longer time and larger scope of respondents are needed to conduct overall study in Malaysian universities. In addition, it because of time constraints, researcher only used questionnaire. To get more accurate data, more inclusive study method procedure must be used, for example interview, and record observation should be implemented. 1.7 Definition of Term 1.7.1 Procrastination to delay doing something that you ought to do, usually because you do not want to do it, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (2003), to keep delaying something that must be done, often because it is unpleasant or boring (Cambridge International Dictionary of English). In this study, procrastination means any behaviour relating to delaying in completing any tasks. 1.7.2 Students One who is enrolled or attends classes at a school, college or university (http://www.answers.com). In this study, it refers to anyone who is enrolling in physical and health education students at Faculty of Education, UiTM. 1.7.3 Procrastinators A procrastinator is someone who knows that she or he should do and do not do it. According to (Noran, 2000), the procrastinator will work on less important obligation, rather than fulfilling the more important obligation, or (s)he may use his or her time wastefully in some minor activity or pleasure. In most cases, procrastinators keep themselves ready to work, but end up avoiding the activity. In this study, it refers to one who delays in completing any academic task including reading for exam, assignment or thesis. 1.7.4 Academic Procrastination An irrational tendency to delay in the beginning and/or completion of an academic task (Senecal, Julien, Guay, 2003) (p. 135). Students may have the intention to perform an academic activity within the desired or expected time frame, yet failing to motivate themselves to do so (Ferrari, 1998; Lay, 1986, 1995). In this study, it refers to delaying any academic task or failing to complete assigned task within given time.

Medias Influence Essay -- The Role and Influence of Mass Media

You do it without even knowing. Everyday you are influenced by the media, when you wake up, one of the first things you will do, and I speak from experience because I do it my self, you will look at your mobile phone, turn the TV on, turn the sleeper timer on your radio or check your emails. It doesn't seem like much but already straight away in your lives you're being influenced. After that it doesn't stop. you go to the kitchen and get some food, and I can almost be 100% sure when I say that there will be a product in that kitchen of yours that has been or is endorsed by a well known celebrity. Which again just shows another way in which the media influence us? I carried out a bit of background research before I did this essay, and this statement is backed up by what I found. I found that 87% of people I asked have brought something because of celebrity endorsement. 100% of people owned some products that had been endorsed, be it makeup, cooking equipment, shoes/clothes whatever. Of all these people they said that t...

Character Analysis of Mrs. Mallard in The Story of an Hour Essay

In the short story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† author Kate Chopin presents the character of Mrs. Louis Mallard. She is an unhappy woman trapped in her discontented marriage. Unable to assert herself or extricate herself from the relationship, she endures it. The news of the presumed death of her husband comes as a great relief to her, and for a brief moment she experiences the joys of a liberated life from the repressed relationship with her husband. The relief, however, is short lived. The shock of seeing him alive is too much for her bear and she dies. The meaning of life and death take on opposite meaning for Mrs. Mallard in her marriage because she lacked the courage to stand up for herself. Mrs. Mallard’s repressed married life is a secret that she keeps to herself. She is not open and honest with her sister Josephine who has shown nothing but concern. This is clearly evident in the great care that her sister and husband’s friend Richard show to break the news of her husband’s tragic death as gently as they can. They think that she is so much in love with him that hearing the news of his death would aggravate her poor heart condition and lead to death. Little do they know that she did not love him dearly at all and in fact took the news in a very positive way, opening her arms to welcome a new life without her husband. This can be seen in the fact that when she storms into her room and her focus shifts drastically from that of her husband’s death to nature that is symbolic of new life and possibilities awaiting her. Her senses came to life; they come alive to the beauty in the nature. Her eyes could reach the vastness of the sky; she could smell the delicious breath of rain in the air; and ears became attentive to a song f... ... her true feelings with her sister, or talking to her husband or reaching out to other sources of help to address her marital repressed life, she would not have to dread living with her husband. â€Å"It was only yesterday she had thought with a shudder that life might be long† (Chopin 262). Her meaning for life would not have to mean death to her husband. In conclusion, her lack of self assertion, courage and strong will to address her repressed life made her look at life and death in a different perspective. When in fact there is no need to die to experience liberation while she could have lived a full life to experience it with her husband by her side. Works Cited Chopin, Kate. â€Å"The Story of an Hour.† Backpack Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Eds. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 3rd ed. New York: Pearson, 2010. 261-263. Print.

The Pros and Cons of Internet Chat Rooms Essay -- Technology

The Pros and Cons of Internet Chat Rooms Computers have affected our lives in so many ways. To the way we finance things, to the way we find our future significant other. The outcomes of computers probably happen with in the last five years, give or take some. It had made people become in love with being in a virtual world and new people. That now in â€Å"real† life the people do not know how to act around not virtual people. In this report I plan to take a look at the pros and cons of meeting/talking to people over the net. In addition, give a few tidbits on what to do when meeting someone from the virtual world. Imagine a sunny, blue-sky day. A beautiful day to be outside playing with friends. You look over and notice that you son/daughter is on the computer. You tell them to go outside and enjoy the day; they say they can not, because they do not have any friends. If they live in Nebraska though they could, because the person they are talking to lives there. Many children now a day are not getting the proper exercise they need; because, they are spending day and night on the Internet chatting. In addition, due to them spending so much time online, their schoolwork has drop significantly. There have been so many times that I heard my friends say â€Å"Only if I had more time.† Well if they have spent less time chatting and more time studying things would be different. After a length amount of time of talking, people decided to meet. There have been so many horror stories about this. For example, [1] In January of 1998, a man meet a woman over the Internet called L. He thought he was in â€Å"true love†, because of all the time they spent chatting and talking over the telephone. He also thought he could trust her... ...e instruction you, yourself can find that â€Å"special someone too.† Another reason why the Internet, chat lines are good, because you can get help with your problems. There are sometime in our lives that we just want someone to listen to us. Going inside a chat room can help with that. There is usually always someone in there that is willing to listen. They can give you advice about, school, friends, love life, parents and so much more. There are even specific chat rooms that relate to those kinds of topics. In some cases talking to anyone can make you change your view on something, either for the good or sometimes for the bad. One can debate all day long on whether a chat rooms or good or bad. In the end it boils down to this. Be careful, in what every action you decide to take. There are always consequences, but then there are always good outcomes.

Flannery O’Conners “Good Country People” Essay

Love and friendship can make a wonderful story but why not add a twist of mistrust and deceit. That’s what Flannery O’conner did in â€Å"Good Country People.† By doing this she communicated her theme that people aren’t always what them seem. The Irony of the characters and what they symbolize exaggerates the theme very well. The way the characters were developed showed their diversity in â€Å"Good Country People†. Hulga had a degree in philosophy which made her believe that she was smarter than everyone else because she had learned more than they had. But in all actuality she was not, this was proven by the good ol’ bible salesman who was supposed to be honest and good and he was making a living by selling family bibles to country people. He started courting Hulga and when he won her over they met one afternoon for a walk. During this walk both their true colors began to shine through. After being led on a not so unplanned walk through the woods. Hulga was humiliated when the conniving salesman wanted to have sex with her but when she denied him he took her wooden leg. Which showed her to be naive and fragile. Through wooden legs and bibles symbolism comes through strongly. Hulga as a child lost her leg and the doctors gave her a wooden prosthetic leg as a replacement. This wooden leg props up its own symbolism throughout the story as well as it props up Hulga. She believed she needed no help throughout life. With her believe or non-believe rather, she has the notion she needs no family, no God, and no support. But really deep down she needs all of it. The leg physically support’s Hulga her whole life. When she has her wooden leg stolen from her by the bible salesman she realizes she had the support she needed all along, but until now when she loses one sort of support, does she know she needs the others as well. The Bible is also a big symbol in this story. The Holy Bible represents good and truth in the world. The Bible salesman pushes this in his sales pitch, but to him it symbolizes a place where he can keep all his secrets. What’s inside the hollow Bible in his suitcase is what the Bible really symbolizes to him, absolutely nothing. To Him its a place to store his ideas of sex, booze, and porn. Which makes it really something that isn’t as it seems. Which leads to another symbol Hulga herself. After she becomes wise in the ways of the world and does not  believe she needs God, or anyone else anymore. She changes her name of happiness, Joy, to an ugly meaningless name of Hulga. She does this to show to everyone that she does not need the joy or happiness in her life anymore, she has philosophy and education. Irony comes through in many ways especially through the characters. Throughout the story Hulga believes she is more intelligent than the people in her family and town because she went to college and earned a Ph.D. in philosophy. The truth is though she is just as plain and simple as the â€Å"good country people† she is surrounded by. This is proven by the innocent bible salesman, who in all reality is pretty much the Devil. She goes out to seduce the innocent, but in turn she is blind to the fact he is tricking her. They lead each other to a barn where the innocent bible salesman shows his inner most devil by belittling all Hulga’s beliefs and reviling to her she is not better but just as simpleminded and naive as everyone else in her town. Another ironic tidbit is how Joy changed her name to Hulga. It totally highlights the fact she wants nothing to do with her joyful Christian upbringing by her country uneducated family. And not unlike Hulga the bible salesman is also an ironic factor in this story. He is supposed to represent good Christian morals that are taught in church and through the bible. However all he is a thief and a whore with no morals. He is the pentacle of the bad boy scene. He keeps in the Holiest of all books the Bible condoms, a flask of booze and playing cards with naked girls on them. Then to top it off he likes to collect fake body parts he has stolen from girls he has fooled. It its completely not what one would learn from the Bible. Finally Hulga accepts her name of Joy again and hopefully appreciates her family and how good that it can be from time to time to be simple. The salesman isn’t heard from again and life goes on. But after all of the twists and turns of the story â€Å"Good country People† by Flannery O’ Conner, one learns a moral from all the evil and mistrust. Never judge a book by its cover.

Forest Conservation

lumber saving timbers be one of the ab come on signifi suffert raw(a) imaginativenesss that welcome been en refer abrupt to mankind for their sustained existence on priming coat. With turn out dubiety, they provide us with huge amounts of genuine and nonphysical benefits, without which indeed, wholly life, less(prenominal) to separate military man life, would f every(prenominal) under the run a risk of extinction. Hence, it is vital for us to realize this wideness of quality cloak, preserve them, and ultimately proceeding towards a sustainable delegacy to concur our afwood downs and meet our take at the aforementioned(prenominal) time.In this melodic theme, I bem subprogram pore initially on the barbaric air of us human creations towards timberlands, and how they maintain been and be as that world massacred nigh the earthly c at a timern to meet our ever increasing and innumerable insufficiencys and needs. I shed also concentrate on wh y round of our saving strategies and efforts ar non working out the way they were supposed to be. In doing so, I have attempt to prove that countries wish Bangladesh, who ar still line to transgress should heighten on plant saving.My assumption is that Bangladesh has the capability to both(prenominal)(prenominal) economise its fo quell resources and grow economically at the similar time, and create doer for poverty raise by conserving. In the second lot I have foc purposed on a to a greater extent comprehensive way to sustainable forest conservation, backing up my statements by expert opinions and shield studies, and at the end a bit of focus was charge on biodiver amazey importance and its conservation practices and strategies. I have also mentioned whatever economic, complaisant and policy instruments that can be implemented in order to conserve forests better.I have utilisationd whatever primary data, from specific experts on forests, exactly my ma in data sources argon secondary winding sources, mainly the Internet and books. The in force(p) controversy of references is travel byn up in the work-cited portion at the end of the paper. From the very beginning of civilization, human beings have depended heavily on forests for their survival. Cradles of civilization, places of beauty, sources of ghostly inspiration, and trea legitimate ho personas of natural riches, forests be c relapsely-nigh linked with the physical, economic, and spiritual n archeozoic being of mountain.Man has depended on forests for lumber and furniture, medicine and cosmetics, firewood and food, drinking water and fresh air, easing and recreation. Despite their central role in the well being of people, forests be jeopardise by human actions on a scale and pace faraway beyond natures capacity to adapt. woods argon being finished around the globe at a scale, which has already passed the alarming defend. Reasons such as destroy shortage , urbanization, agriculture, excessive and unsustainable timber blood line have led to naked as a jaybird complicate of miles upon miles of pristine forest defeat.In 2002 alone, 10,000 second power miles in Brazils Amazon region were deforested due to enter, ranching, farming, and infrastructure instruction. In Africas Congo Basin, roads built into legally saved neighborhoods equal national parks by wrong loggers provided access for bush meat poachers and contri buted to an annex in forest fires. (Overview). Although youngly, the importance of forests has been effected to a degree, passable importance has non however been put into the conservation sphere so as to actually confine the remaining percentage of forest cover the humanity has go away.In this paper I have discussed expert how much importance needs to be put on conservation of forests, why this needs to be through with(p), how it can be done in a systematic, sustainable way, and what the af bourneaths of non doing so may be. DEFINITIONS For clarification purposes, a full list of definitions are tending(p) under so that the terms discussed in this paper are clean up and non disunited with separate related terms. FOREST The backchat forests originated from the Greek word foris, which authority out of doors. Generally a large untrained field of force of pour down bearing trees and under developing is termed as a forest.Wild animals are also associated with this term, which includes their interaction with the trees and undergrowth and their abiotic surroundings (air, grime etc. ). L. S Davis delimit forests as a brand of land parcels, which has or could have tree vegetation. (Davis). CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION These twain terms are a good deal confused with one a nonher, but they refer to ii slightly contrastive concepts. Preservation of anything is fundamentally keeping it in such manner that it cannot or should not be touched or used.For instance, if a fore st is being preserved it means that it is to be kept untouched and cipher is to be extracted from it. It is to be left to its let accord. On the other hand, conservation implies much towards a sustained use, or use in a sustainable fashion. As in the example given above, if a forest is declared as conserved, it means that resources may be extracted in a systematic and accounted way, so as not to agree the forests ability to replenish itself in terms of resources, and so that it may slip away its intangible functions properly.SUSTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The term refers to the existence and maintenance of a system, on its own accord, over a flowing of time, or that a system is able to stand and function by itself for a certain duration. This term and then leads on to sustainable emergence, which the latest of concepts in development of a nation and its entities. Sustainable development means the development targeted at reservation resources available both usef ul yet sustained, so as no to compromise it for future generations. FOREST MANAGEMENTThe golf club of American foresters (1958) defined forest guidance as the application of business methods and skilful forestry principles to the operation of forestry property. (American). Generally put, forest care is the maintenance of forests in such a way that it is protected and conserved at the aforementioned(prenominal) time. In other spoken language it the system by which we puzzle sure that we extract resources from the forest in a sustained way (sustainable yields) and so that the forest does not lose its credibility. Forests come in various types and properties.They range from tropic evergreen seet rain forests a grand the equator of the earth, to temperate and circumboreal forests in northern America and Russia. The humankinds tropic forests, which circle the globe, are interestingly diverse. Ranging from the steamy jungles of the rain forests to the dry forests and savann as, they provide home ground for megs of species of plants and animals. Once covering some 15. 3 one zillion billion million state (6. 2 billion ha), these tropic forests have been reduced with gaffe and change by 210 million acres (85 million ha) between 1985 and 1990. (Louise). This is in fact the story in well-nigh parts of the world.Bangladesh for instance is losing its natural forestland at an alarming rate of 3. 3% a social class, which is the third highest rate in the world after Jamaica and Haiti. (Miller, 641). Although plantations have gone up in percentage during the last a some(prenominal) age, especially strip plantations, which are a recent phenomenon in Bangladesh, especially in Dhaka, natural forests are still on the decrease. This can be seen in the tabulate below, as of the year 2000, which also includes comparisons to Asia and the world as a whole. Yet in all probability the saddest story to be told is that of the worlds tropic forests.Although tropical rainforests cover less than six percent of the earths land sur shell, they are extraordinarily gift with millions of animal species and represent s chargety-five million geezerhood of evolutionary stability. Covering a land knowledge base approximately the size of it of the United States, tropical forests are being rapidly degrade, the equivalent of the combined areas of Ohio and inch each(prenominal) year. agree to some experts, well-nigh half the worlds tropical forests have already been wiped of the face of the earth for good. If we panorama at the table given below, we can get an estimate of what the built in bed really is at present.Data is set as of enquiry till the year 2000. Forest Area and Change Bangladesh Asia (excl. shopping centre East) World Total forest area, 2000 (000 ha) 1334 504180 3869455 innate forest area, 2000 (000 ha) 709 375824 3682722 Plantations area, 2000 (000 ha) 625 110953 186733 Total dry land area, 1950-1981 (000 ha) a 0 107812 1 5059984 Change in forest area Total, 1990-2000 14 % -1 % -2 % Natural, 1990-2000 -7 % -1 % -4 % Plantations, 1990-2000 4 % 5 % 3 % Original forest b as a percent of total land area c 100 % X 48 % Forest area in 2000 as a percent of total land area c 9 % 20 % 29 % FIG table has been walk outn from an name titled Forest Conservation from the human race Trends website. Ecosystem Areas by Type Total land area 14400 2494475 13328979 Percent of total land area cover by Forests 12 % 17 % 24 % Shrublands, savanna, and grasslands 3 % 37 % 37 % mosaic 73 % 34 % 20 % Urban and built-up areas 0. 2 % 0. 2 % 0. 2 % Sparse or needy vegetation s like a shot and ice 0 % 10 % 16 % Wetlands and water bodies 11 % 2 % 3 % The total ball-shaped forest cover has decreased by approximately 4% in unless 10 years, and Bangladesh has lost more(prenominal) than 7% of its natural forest resources.This is alarming in more than just environmental perspective s. Yet, when we look into conservation possibilities, all cheeks, sectors, direct and confirmative reasons need to be assessed to begin with coming to any kind of decision. Since this paper is well-nigh the conservation needs of forests, all such sectors and sides have been touched in the chase sections. Before the dawn of agriculture approximately 10,000 years ago, forests and open woodland covered somewhat 15. 3 billion acres (6. 2 billion ha) of the globe. Over the centuries, however, approximately one-third of these natural forests have been destroyed. According to a 1982 study by FAO, about 27. 9 million acres (11. million ha) of tropical forests are cut each year-an area about the size of the States of Ohio or Virginia. Between 1985 and 1990, an estimated 210 million acres (85 million ha) of tropical forests were cut or cleared. In India, Malaysia, and the Philippines, the best commercial forests are gone, and savage is increasing in South America. (J. Louise). several (prenominal) factors are answerable for deforestation unclutter for agriculture, fuel wood nifty, and harvesting of wood products. By far the around important of these is clearing for agriculture. In the Tropics, the age-old practice of shifting, sometimes called slash-and-burn, agriculture has been used for centuries.In this unmannered system, topical anaesthetic people cut a piffling pick of forest to make way for subsistence farming. After a a hardly a(prenominal)(prenominal) years, soil fertility declines and people discover on, comm barely to cut another patch of trees and begin another garden. In the given over plot, the degraded soil at prototypical supports unaccompanied when weeds and shrubby trees. Later, soil fertility and trees return, but that may come across decades. As population pressure increases, the unbroken (rest) period between cycles of gardening is shortened, awkward yields decrease, and the forest region is further degraded to small trees, brush, or eroded savanna. regeneration to sedentary agriculture is an even greater threat to tropical forests.Vast areas that once supported tropical forests are now long-lastingly occupied by subsistence farmers and ranchers and by commercial farmers who produce sugar, cocoa, palm oil, and other products. In many tropical countries thither is a critical shortage of firewood. For millions of hoidenish poor, survival depends on finding plentiful wood to cook the evening meal. either year more of the forest is destroyed, and the blank from home to the forest increases. Not only do people suffer by having to spend much of their time in the search for wood, but so does the land. monetary survey is greatest in dry tropical forests where firewood cutting converts forests to savannas and grasslands.The global demand for tropical hardwoods, an $8-billion-a-year industry, also contributes to forest loss. tropical forests are commonly selectively logged rather than clear-cut. select ive logging leaves the forest cover full but usually reduces its commercial value because the biggest and best trees are re move. Selective logging also damages remaining trees and soil, increases the likelihood of fire, and degrades the habitat for wildlife species that quest large, old trees-the ones usually cut. In addition, logging roads open up the forests to shifting cultivation and permanent settlement. In the past, logging was done principally by primitive means-trees were cut with axes and logs were moved with animals such as oxen.Today the use of redbrick machinerychain saws, tractors, and trucks -makes logging easier, faster, and potentially more destructive. In Bangladesh, it is more or less the same picture. Being a developing country which is yet striving to stand on its own feet, it is still extracting its only, and few available resources such as forests for the sake of rapid economic growth. get along more, the lack of land space is forcing settlers to pass on upon forest land, in order to use it for agriculture and fisheries purposes. The poor are using forests as means for survival, and in that respect is unforesightful the administration (local governments and forest department) can do to stop misbranded advancement in forests.Yet even so, as I have state in my hypothesis, it is possible for a country like Bangladesh to conserve forests and elevate poverty at the same time, and the following sections leave behind consist of exactly how this may be achieved. In his phrase Conservation Strategy Rationale and a Framework, Dr. Mizanur Rahman Khan says, on that point is a difference in perspective regarding what to conserve and how to conserve. One group, often dubbed as base greens, argue that the global environmental problems have already reached a crisis semblance and require a fire trash strategy. On the other side of the fence, there are free-market environmentalists who argue that environmental laws and regulations cut unfair burdens on the economy and on individuals. A balance between the two is what Dr.M Khan calls is required, and he goes on to say that the protection of the environment is an inhering part of development and that this is globally recognized. In this light, when we look at the conservation efforts being made to conserve the forests of Bangladesh, it is al virtually immediately clear that most of the above stated conditions are not being applied. Problems with definitions of protected areas still remain, and hence loop holes give people the chance to illegally encroach upon the land. So the irresolution is now, what is there to be done? What steps should Bangladesh authorities take to prevent such anomalies and protect the forests we have? A simple solution is given by Dr.Abdur pull Khan, a well get it onn economist and research coach at Bangladesh Institute of International and strategic Studies, when he was asked as to what Bangladesh can do. Dr hock says Indeed Banglad esh does have the capability to both conserve and elevate poverty at the same time. To do that, the world-class and most obvious step is to introduce participatory forestry. The station holders have to be determine and given proper priority in terms of their needs and requirements. Second, we have far too less forest cover, only about 6-7% of the total land area right now. This has to be doubled. This can be done by introducing social forestry, homestead forestry and road side forestry.Once these two steps have been undertaken, we can then head on towards poverty elevation, because both these steps will not only help the nation as a whole, but also see to the needs of the local people in and around forests. Other wise, conservation may face an early death, and we may as well lose our forests. The points upheld by Dr. Abdur Rob are to great degrees true. Indeed, the only way to gibe the survival of a resource and the people associated with it is to introduce those people into it s focusing and care. down the stairs I have stated some of the ways to o this and also some other steps towards conserving forests. PARTICIPATORY FORESTRY (Social Forestry) To pack the local people, and to pick out the stake holders, the initial thing that needs to be done is to get to know the social aspects of the people involved.This carry through is called Focus base Discussions Basically authority people have to go to the locality and get to know the social life styles of the local people. This is done by conducting such discussions with selected people from the locality. A questionnaire is made which involves everything ranging from average yearly income to what festivals they have and their matrimonial practices. Once this can be done, stake holders can be place and selected out. They are then involved in to the management regimes, including decision making privileges to resource extraction etc. In abstruseness discussions are then held with the selected people and loc al leaders to figure out how benefits are to be shared. Both tangible and intangible benefits from the forest are then held up to the people.Participatory forestry can be seen in practice in the strip plantations in and around Dhaka along side roads and rail lines. These are basically community based resource management schemes, from which involved people receive benefits in future for their present services, hence support them to conserve the site. ANCIENT FORESTRY PRACTICES In ancient Persia (now Iran), forest protection and nature conservation laws were in effect as early as 1,700 B. C. Two thousand years ago the Chinese practiced what they called iv sides forestry-trees were planted on house side, closure side, road side, and water side. More than 1,000 years ago, Javanese maharajahs brought in teak and began to figure out it. In the African Tropics, agro forestry (growing of food educates n association with trees) has been practiced for hundreds of years. Relatively modes t is known about tropical forestry before the mid 1800s in most places. At that time, the European colonial empires notably the Dutch, English, and Spanish-brought modern forest management practices to Indonesia, India, Africa, and the Caribbean. Centers for forestry and forestry research were established, and more careful records were kept. (J. Louise). SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY Modern forestry has its land in eighteenth-century Germany. Like the Chinese and the Mayan forest practices, German forestry is essentially agricultural. Trees are managed as a crop. Two concepts are important renewability and sustainability.Renewability means that trees can be replanted and seed and harvested over and over again on the same tract of land in what are known as crop rotations. Sustainability means that forest harvest can be sustained over the long term. How far into the future were foresters expected to plan? As long as there were vast acres of virgin (original) forests remaining, this question was somewhat academic. Today, however, sustainability is a vital furnish in forestry. Most of the worlds virgin forests are gone, and people must rely more and more on second- growth or managed forests. Perhaps we now face, as never before, the limits to long-term productivity. In the German forest model, forestry is viewed as a continual process of harvest and regeneration.Harvest of wood products is a goal, but a foresters principal tasks are to warrant long-term productivity. That is achieved by cutting the older, mature, and slow-growing timber to make way for a new crop of young, fast-growing trees. reap REGENRATION METHOD Three examples of timber harvest-regeneration methods (silvicultural systems) deck how foresters manage stands to produce timber on a sustained basis. SELECTION private trees or small groups of trees are harvested as they become mature. Numerous small openings in the forest are created in which saplings or new seedlings can grow. The resulting forest ha s a continuous forest canopy and trees of all ages.Such systems favor slow-growing species that are purification tolerant. CLEAR CUTTING In clear cutting, an entire stand of trees is removed(p) in one operation. From the foresters point of view, clear cutting is the easiest way to manage a forest-and the most economical. Regeneration may come from sprouts on stumps, from seedlings that survive the logging operation, or from seeds that pullulate after the harvest. If natural regeneration is delay longer than desired, the area is planted or seeded. Clear cutting systems are often used to manage fast-growing species that require a lot of light. Resulting stands are even aged because all the trees in an area are cut-and regenerated-at the same time.Clear cutting has become controversial in recent years because it has the potential to damage watersheds and because it tends to turn away species of wildlife dependent on old growth trees. If clear cuts are kept small and the cutting int erval is long enough, however, biological diversity may not be impaired. SHELTERWOOD In Shelterwood systems, the forest canopy is removed over a period of years, usually in two cuttings. After the first harvest, natural regeneration begins in the understory. By the time the second harvest is made, enough young trees have grown to assure adequate regeneration. Shelterwood systems favor species that are mean(a) in tolerance to shade. Such systems are difficult to use successfully and are the least used of the three silvicultural methods described. analytic thinking OF FINDINGSIt seems that the obvious conclusion would be, as Dr. Rob said, that social forestry is the best option available to us at present. This will not only enable Bangladesh to conserve its few remaining forests, but also use those forests efficiently as a legal document to poverty elevation. In fact this is not the first time research on Bangladesh forests has led to such conclusions. Many experts have done simila r such research and have come to find this split up of forestry as efficient means of conservation. pic . form Plantation in Shatchori reserved forest. Bangladesh yet faces many hard steps to the stage we call developed. Even now, it faces harden blockades when the question of conservation arises.Poverty, high population, land shortage, illegal encroachment, political disfucntionings and sheer ignorance of duty are just some of the barricades that hold us back from preserving the few resources we have left in this once lushly rich country. It not as though we are not conserving. Indeed, plantations have come up across the country in what seems hopeful ways. It seems that there is yet hope for us and our forests. Shatchari, Modhupur, Lawachara, Medakochapia are some bright names in our success books concerning plantation forestry. Yet I raise the question to the jury, is this what we really want for us? Do we really want to see some time in the future that the country is devoid of its natural forests and has only plantations left?Plantations, Strip plantations, mono-cultures, botanic gardens are very good in terms of forest cover, but if we lose all our natural forests, what would happen to all the hundreds of species of animals and birds that we have? We would lose them forever. go away it be possible for us to conserve them to? The case stands for the rest of the world as well. Tropical forests are being deforested at a football field size a day. Very soon, mayhap sooner than we think, we will lose what we have left to the voracity of a few ignorant people. Will it not shame us to think that we human beings will be responsible of wiping out all other species just for the sake of our comfort? Is this not a question of ethics?It remains to be seen as to how Bangladesh, less to say the rest of the world acts to save its forests, yet perhaps it is not wise to just sit and wait for some miracle to happen. It is time we put on our thinking caps and stepped out into the field, and tried our best to see to that we leave the few natural pristine forests remaining at peace with themselves. Work cited Mastrantonio J. Louise. CONSERVATION OF FORESTS. Online journal. nd. 18th December 2006. http//www. fs. fed. us/global/lzone/ pupil/tropical. htm Forests of the World. Forestry Overview. Online article. nd. 19th December 2006. http//www. worldwildlife. org/forests/ Davis, L.S 1966. Forest Management. 1st edition. pp 790. Earth Trends. Forest Conservation. Online Journal. nd. 19th December 2006. http//earthtrends. wri. org/ text edition/biodiversity-protected/country-profiles. html Forest Conservation. Enterprise for the Americas in Action. Online article. nd. 19th December 2006. http//www. earthvoice. org/animal. habitat/forest. conservation. htm Khan, Mizanur Rahman. Conservation Strategy Rationale and a Framework. Conservation and Sustainable Development. wonder Dr. Abdur Rob Khan. Research Director at Bangladesh Institute of Internatio nal and Strategic Studies, Dhaka, Bangladesh. twentieth December 2006.

Thin Film Solar Cell

Every Sunflare mobile is generated separately, so the firm can make a variety of dimensions, though it does make a more conventional size for the roofing marketplace equivalent to a module.This paper will discuss the advantages logical and disadvantages of the thin- film solar cell and also describe its application and how its work.Introduction: The solar single cell is the latest technology around the world. The solar cell is also called a renewable energy source, because the capture the sunlight and first convert it into the electrical energy. There are different types of solar cells, but the most important one is a thin- film solar cell.Clearly, the late little cell in a calculator isnt big and bulky.Solar cells are made out of semiconducting material, usually silicon. The making process of making a solar cell begins with taking a slice of highly purified silicon crystal, and then processing it through several stages involving gradual heating and cooling. Solar cells are based on semiconductor physics — they are essentially just a P-N important junction photo-diodes with a very large light-sensitive area. Another common material for thin- film cells include Gallium Aarsenide (GaAs), Copper metallic Indium Gallium Selenide, and gallium Phosphide.

They are the most essential quality of a panel.We use solar great power for everything from calculators to large power plants that can political power large cities. The most common applications for solar panels are used for small evices. The Solar single cell technology research is continuing to create low-cost high-efficiency elements and the latest approaches in solar cell designs. Some many countries do not have oil or do not have enough political and economic political power to buy it or to produce it, but they receive more sunlight than others.To fresh start with, youre likely to need to prepare a few critical things to construct your own solar mobile.4%.The german Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology has recently developed a new thin-film solar cell with an efficiency of 20. 4%. Those cells are based on CIGS (copper indium gallium (DI) selenide) semiconductor material.

Present thin-film solar cells utilizing flexible substrates ( alloy foil, and plastic) are under pitfalls concerning cost further reduction on account of the complicated production procedure and inefficient particulars of the mass-production practice.There are four different types of thin-film solar cell. 1. Amorphous silicon (a-Si) 2. metallic Cadmium telluride (CdTe) 3.It is truly.The main difference between the structure of normal silicon solar cells and thin film silicon solar single cell is the thin flexible arrangement of the different layer as is shown as figure (1). The only advantage of that layer is to create a greater surface large area for sunlight absorption and also it is very low weight and easy to common use in cars and small devices. Figure (1) We use calculator everyday in our log normal daily routine.These solar powered calculators have a small solar cell at the top corner of the calculator.

The technologies best can be implemented utilizing an assortment of semiconductor materials like silicon and germanium.Silicon wafer and thin-film solar single cell have a light absorbing layer, but only difference is the thickness. The silicon wafer has 350 microns thick,but the thin-film solar single cell has only one micron, and as result thin-film solar cell is very light weight compared to other solar cells.Thin-film solar red cells are made of several layers. Those all layer helps to absorb light.Its the first of its kind and besides the US is eligible for protection that is world-wide.The figure (a) shows the basic theory of the different layer stack of the thin-film solar cell.Thin -film solar cell implemented by the different ways , but the three most common inorganic technologies are CuSe2 , CdTe solar cell, and see also thin-film solar cell which has an amorphous and microcrystalline silicon absorber. There are three major different types of thin-film solar cell. 1.

Each of the thin-film technologies also give the prospect of ubiquity.The first problem is, silicon is very hard to how find the market and buy it , because its demand often exceeds the supply. The second thing is, this new type of solar cell has very low efficiency. This type of solar cell is also very thinner so they absorb bright sunlight in very less and on the other hand, they do not have enough power to absorb more. Therefore, they used in calculator and other very small and low power consuming devices.Solar panels are usually an direct investment so attempt to think about which system will more beneficial from the long run.More flexible and very easy to handle it.4. Less thinner than crystalline solar cell. It can be as thin .

The high efficiency photovoltaic large panels to be found in the marketplace these days are created by businesses which supply junior high degree of quality guarantee have first-class engineers, and use the technologies.Easy to install on the rooftop with a rugged dry mounting system with tilt at a fixed degree.6. Thin film solar cells have better performance in the hot weather. See table (1) below.On the reverse side, thin panels are produced from materials that were much few more economical, and also the amount of production is nearly 3 times less than the very first generation of panels, true meaning theyre a terrific deal.Table (2) Condition| Crystalline Efficiency Drop| Light San Francisco fog| 8%-15%| Heavy San Francisco fog| 15%-20%| Cloudy & raining| 20% – 50%| Heavy cloudy & raining| 50% – 90%| 2. They have complex structure. 3. Different version requires its own unique installation skills.